A previous Mishna enumerated all the wife’s obligations towards her husband. “And these are tasks that a wife must perform for her husband: She grinds wheat into flour, and bakes, and washes clothes, cooks, and nurses her child, makes her husband’s bed, and makes thread from wool by spinning it. If she brought him one maidservant, i.e., brought the maidservant with her into the marriage, the maidservant will perform some of these tasks. Consequently, the wife does not need to grind, and does not need to bake, and does not need to wash clothes. If she brought him two maidservants, she does not need to cook and does not need to nurse her child if she does not want to, but instead may give the child to a wet nurse. If she brought him three maidservants, she does not need to make his bed and does not need to make thread from wool. If she brought him four maidservants, she may sit in a chair [katedra] like a queen and not do anything, as her maidservants do all of her work for her.
Rabbi Eliezer
says: Even if she brought him a hundred maidservants, he can compel her to make thread from wool, since idleness
leads to licentiousness. Consequently, it is better for a woman to be doing
some kind of work. Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel says: Even one who vows
that his wife is prohibited from doing any work must divorce
her and give her the payment for her marriage contract, since
idleness leads to boredom (my
translation-gg).” (TB
Ketubot 59b, Sefaria.org translation)
Another Mishna discussed the husband’s
conjugal
relations obligation. “Students may leave their homes and
travel in order to learn Torah without their wives’ permission
for up to thirty days, and laborers may leave their homes without
their wives’ permission for up to one week. The set interval defining
the frequency of a husband’s conjugal obligation to his wife stated in the
Torah (see Exodus 21:10),
unless the couple stipulated otherwise, varies according to the man’s
occupation and proximity to his home: Men of leisure, who do not work,
must engage in marital relations every day, laborers must do so twice
a week, donkey drivers once a week, camel drivers once every thirty days,
and sailors once every six months. This is the statement of Rabbi
Eliezer.” (TB Ketubot 61b, Sefaria.org
translation)
Above and beyond having sex with his
wife, the husband has two other major areas of obligation. He is obligated to
feed and clothe his wife. Of course, if the husband was home, the wife would
eat the same foodas her husband. The Mishnah on today’s daf TB Ketubot 64 describes the case
where the husband is away from home, e.g. traveling overseas on a business
trip. The Mishnah delineates the food and clothing minimum requirements. We
have to remember when the Mishna discusses a weekly food allotment that back in
Talmudic times, people only ate two meals a day. The food allotment needed to
cover 14 meals a week.
“If someone feeds his wife by
means of a third party serving as a trustee, while the husband himself is
not living with her for some reason, he may not give her less than
two kav of wheat or four kav of barley a week
for her sustenance. Rabbi Yosei said: Only Rabbi Yishmael, who was near
Edom, allotted her barley. And he must give her half a kav of
legumes, and half a log of oil, and a kav of dried
figs or the weight of a maneh of fig cakes. And if he does
not have these fruits, he must apportion for her a
corresponding amount of fruit from elsewhere.
“And he must give her a bed, a soft mat,
and a hard mat. And he must give her a cap for her head, and a
belt for her waist, and new shoes from Festival to Festival, i.e.,
he must buy her new shoes each Festival. And he must purchase garments
for her with a value of fifty dinars from year to year. The mishna
comments: And he may not give her new clothes, which tend to be thick
and warm, in the summer, nor worn garments in the rainy season,
as these are too thin and she will be cold. Rather, he should give her
clothes at a value of fifty dinars in the rainy season, and she covers
herself with these same worn garments in the summer as well. And
the leftover, worn clothes belong to her.
“In addition to the above, he
must give her another silver ma’a coin for the rest
of her needs. And she eats with him from Shabbat evening to Shabbat evening.
Although he may provide for her sustenance via a third party throughout the
week, on Shabbat evening she has the right to eat together with him. And if
he does not give her a silver ma’a coin for her needs, her
earnings belong to her.
…In what case is this
statement, i.e., all these amounts and measurements, said? With
regard to the poorest of Jews, i.e., these are the minimum requirements.
However, in the case of a financially prominent man, all the
amounts are increased according to his prominence.” (Sefaria.org translation)
The Mishnah also records how much wool
she is expected to spin. This amount is reduced if she is nursing a child and
the amount of food she is given his increased.
No comments:
Post a Comment