What do you say when Shabbat and the Festival coincide TB Beitza 17

Every weekday Amidah, whether it is shakharit (morning), minkha (afternoon), or ma’ariv (evening), follows the same formula. Altogether there are 19 blessings. The first three blessings are praise. The middle 13 blessings are requests. The final three blessings are thanksgiving. The Shabbat or Festival Amidah contains the first and the last set of blessings. The middle 13 are removed and a blessing sanctifying the specific day takes its place. What should we say when Shabbat and the festival coincide since we have a blessing sanctifying Shabbat and a different blessing sanctifying the Festival? That is the discussion between Beit Hillel and Beit Shammai on today’s daf TB Beitza 17.

“The Sages taught the following baraita: In the case of a Festival that occurs on Shabbat, Beit Shammai say: One must recite an Amida prayer that includes eight blessings, inserting two additional blessings between the standard opening three and concluding three. As for the two middle blessings, one recites one for Shabbat as an independent blessing and a second for the Festival as an independent blessing. And Beit Hillel say: One must pray an Amida comprising only seven blessings, i.e., the three opening ones, the three concluding ones, and one in between. One begins the middle blessing with Shabbat and concludes it with Shabbat, and he recites a passage referring to the sanctity of the day of the Festival in the middle. Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi says: He even concludes this blessing with mention of both Shabbat and the Festival, saying: Who sanctifies Shabbat, the Jewish people, and the seasons.

“A tanna taught a baraita before Ravina with a slightly different reading: He concludes the blessing with: Who sanctifies the Jewish people, Shabbat, and the seasons. Ravina said to that tanna: Is that to say that the Jewish people sanctify Shabbat? Isn’t Shabbat already sanctified from the six days of Creation? Every seventh day is automatically Shabbat, without the need for any declaration on the part of the Jewish people. Rather, amend it and say as follows: Who sanctifies Shabbat, the Jewish people, and the seasons (מְקַדֵּשׁ הַשַּׁבָּת, יִשְׂרָאֵל וְהַזְּמַנִּים), as the Jewish people indeed sanctify the New Moon and the Festival days. Rav Yosef said: The halakha with regard to the conclusion of the blessing is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi and as the difficulty was resolved by Ravina.” (Sefaria.org translation) When you check your prayer book, you’ll see that the Gemara’s conclusion was accepted as the right formulation of the blessing.

As long as the Gemara was talking about what is the correct procedure when Yom Tov coincides with Shabbat, it continues to discuss what happens when Rosh Hodesh, the new month, coincides with Shabbat.

“The Sages taught the following baraita: In the case of Shabbat that occurs on a New Moon or on one of the intermediate days of a Festival, for the evening, morning, and afternoon prayers, one prays in his usual manner, reciting seven blessings in the Amida, and recites a passage pertaining to the event of the day, i.e.: May there rise and come [יַעֲלֶה וְיָבֹא-ya’aleh veyavo], during the blessing of the Temple service, known as retze; and if he did not recite it, he is required to return to the beginning of the Amida prayer and repeat it. Rabbi Eliezer disagrees and says: This passage is recited during the blessing of thanksgiving, known as modim (just as the prayers for Hanukkah and program are placed-Rashi). And in the additional prayer one begins the fourth blessing, the special blessing for the additional service, with Shabbat, and concludes it with Shabbat, and recites a passage pertaining to the sanctity of the day of the New Moon or the Festival in the middle.  Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel and Rabbi Yishmael, son of Rabbi Yoḥanan ben Beroka, disagree and say: Wherever one is required to recite seven blessings, whether in the evening, morning, or afternoon prayers, he begins the fourth blessing with Shabbat and concludes it with Shabbat, and recites a passage referring to the sanctity of the day of the New Moon or the Festival in the middle. Rav Huna said: The halakha is not in accordance with the opinion of that pair of scholars; rather, it is in accordance with the opinion of the first tanna, that in the evening, morning, and afternoon prayers one recites the usual seven blessings and recites a passage pertaining to the event of the day during the blessing of the Temple service.” (Sefaria.org translation)

To place the prayer -ya’aleh veyavo in the section concerning the Temple service because of the special Rosh Hodesh sacrifice that was offered in the Temple just like all the other sacrifices.